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Earthquake
| Top Ten Deadliest Earthquake in the World, Why Earthquake Occurs?
.jpg "Earthquake | Top Ten Deadliest Earthquake in the World")
Earthquake
Earthquakes
is a phenomenon in which are caused by movements within the Earth's crust and
uppermost mantle. They range from small occurrences that can only be detected
by sensitive equipment to severe, unexpected events lasting several minutes
that have resulted in some of the worst calamities in recorded human history.
A
abrupt release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere, which produces seismic
waves, causes the Earth's surface to shake during an earthquake. A quake,
tremor, or temblor are other names for it. There are many different types of
earthquakes, ranging in size from those that are so small that no one can feel
them to those that are so strong that they may completely upend towns and
launch people and items into the air. Seismic activity refers to the quantity,
variety, and magnitude of earthquakes that take place in a region over a given
time period. What is referred to as seismicity at a particular location on
Earth is the typical rate of seismic energy release per unit volume. Seismic
rumbling is another name for tremors, which are not earthquakes.
The
surface of the Earth is shaken, moved, or otherwise disturbed during
earthquakes. When a large earthquake's epicenter lies offshore, the seabed may
be sufficiently shaken to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes have also been known to
cause many landslides.
Any
seismic event that generates seismic waves, regardless of whether it was
brought on by a natural disaster or human activity, is referred to as a
"earthquake." Earthquakes are primarily caused by geological fault
rupture, although they can also be caused by landslides, mine explosions,
volcanic activity, and nuclear tests. the epicenter, sometimes referred to as
the focal point, of an earthquake. The epicentre is the region just above the
hypocenter at ground level.
Naturally occurring earthquakes
Tectonic
earthquakes can occur everywhere on Earth if there is sufficient elastic strain
energy stored to induce crack propagation along a fault plane. The sides of a
fault can only pass one another smoothly and seismically if there are no flaws
or asperities along the fault surface that would increase the frictional
resistance. The majority of fault surfaces contain these asperities, which
causes stick-slip behaviour. After the fault has locked, continued relative
motion between the plates raises stress, which in turn leads to a buildup of
stored strain energy in the region surrounding the fault surface.
The
process continues, releasing the accumulated energy, until the tension is high
enough to pass through the asperity and suddenly allows sliding over the locked
portion of the fault. This energy is released during an earthquake as a result
of frictional heating of the fault surface, radiated elastic strain seismic
waves, and rock fracture.
This trend of progressively building strain and stress that is occasionally disturbed by catastrophic seismic failure is described by the elastic-rebound theory. Only 10% or less of an earthquake's total energy is thought to be released as seismic energy. The majority of an earthquake's energy either becomes frictional heat or is used to fuel the expansion of earthquake fissures. As a result, earthquakes increase the Earth's temperature and decrease its elastic potential energy, albeit these changes are minor in comparison to the conductive and convective flow of heat out of the Earth's deep interior.
Below is a list of earthquakes organized by time, place, or nation, year, magnitude, price, number of casualties, and number of scientific investigations.
List of 10 Deadliest Earthquake
|
List of 10 Deadliest Earthquake |
|||||
|
SL. No. |
Place/Country |
Year |
Casualty |
Magnitude |
Description |
|
1 |
Shaanxi, China |
1556 |
830,000 |
8 |
In China, more than 97 counties were impacted. 520
miles across were devastated. Up to 60% of the population is thought to have
perished in some counties. Settlements in loess caves are to blame for such
devastating losses since they collapsed as a result. |
|
2 |
Port-au-Prince, Haiti |
2010 |
316,000 |
7 |
Still contested is the death toll. Here, we give the
NOAA's NGDC's adopted number, which the Haitian government reported in order
to maintain consistency with other earthquake data. Sources cite a lower
estimate of 220,000. In the latter scenario, this event's position in the
aforementioned rankings would drop to 7. |
|
3 |
Antakya, Turkey |
115 |
260,000 |
7.5 |
The nearby contemporary city of Antakya, Antioch,
and its surroundings sustained significant damage. Along with Apamea, Beirut
also sustained significant damage. Lebanon's coast was damaged as a result of
a local tsunami.. |
|
4 |
Antakya, Turkey |
525 |
250,000 |
7 |
Severe destruction to the Byzantine Empire's region.
The buildings were totally destroyed by the earthquake. However, subsequent
fires and strong winds also contributed to significant damage. |
|
5 |
Tangshan, China |
1976 |
242,769 |
7.5 |
Reported that practically all buildings and
structures were constructed and built without taking seismic considerations
since the risk of earthquakes had been substantially overestimated. Up to 85%
of buildings are thought to have collapsed. As a result of the size and
number of unreinforced brick buildings in Tangshan, many people perished. |
|
6 |
Gyzndzha, Azerbaijan |
1139 |
230,000 |
Unknown |
Commonly known as the Ganja earthquake. On the
specifics of this occurrence, there is a dearth of documentation. |
|
7 |
Sumatra, Indonesia |
2004 |
227,899 |
9.1 |
A series of significant tsunamis were caused by an
earthquake in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Sumatra (ranging 15 to 30
metres in height). Indonesia was the hardest struck of the 14 countries in
the region, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. There were no tsunami
alert system was in placed. |
|
8 |
Damghan, Iran |
856 |
200,000 |
7.9 |
The length of the damage area was estimated to be
220 miles. It is also believed that the old city of Ahr-e Qumis was abandoned
after the earthquake since it sustained so severe damage. |
|
8 |
Gansu, China |
1920 |
200,000 |
8.3 |
7 provinces and areas sustained damage. Almost all
of the structures in certain cities either fell down or were buried by
landslides. According to reports, many people died as a result of exposure to
the cold since survivors relied solely on makeshift shelters that weren't
adequate for the bitter winter because they were afraid of aftershocks. |
|
9 |
Dvin, Armenia |
893 |
150,000 |
Unknown |
The majority of the city of Dvin's structures,
including its fortifications and palaces, collapsed, leaving only 100
structures surviving, according to estimates. Dvin's city defences destroyed,
Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj, the Sajid emir of Adharbayjan, took control and
turned the town into a military outpost. |
|
10 |
Tokyo, Japan |
1923 |
142,807 |
7.9 |
10% of reinforced structures and more than 50% of
brick buildings collapsed. caused a tsunami with a 12 m height. Large fires
started, which spread swiftly when accompanied with a sizable tornado. |
A
system of accelerometers, seismometers, communication, computers, and sirens
known as an earthquake warning system or earthquake early warning system is
designed to alert neighboring regions of a significant earthquake while it is
still under way. This is not the same as earthquake prediction, which at this
time cannot deliver clear event warnings.
Conclusion
Earthquakes can cause the ground to tremble, collapse structures, disrupt services like transportation, and start fires. They can bring about landslides and tsunamis.
Plate
tectonics, or the shifting of blocks of the Earth's crust, is the primary
source of earthquakes. Along a fault, the rock formations slide past one
another. Both foreshocks and aftershocks, which are smaller earthquakes, can
happen before or after the primary earthquake. Seismic zones, which primarily
coincide with ocean trenches, mid-ocean ridges, and mountain ranges, are where
most earthquakes occur on Earth.
The
focal is the location where an earthquake first occurred. The area of the
Earth's surface just above the focus is known as the epicenter. Near the
Earth's surface, most earthquake foci are located within a few tens of kilometers. Shallow-focus earthquakes are those that are less than 70 kilometers deep. Deep-focus earthquakes are deeper than 300 km, while
intermediate-focus earthquakes are between 70 and 300 km deep. All of the
Earth's seismic zones experience shallow-focus earthquakes, whereas
intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes nearly exclusively occur in seismic
regions close to ocean trenches.
An
earthquake's destructiveness is influenced by its size, depth (shallow
earthquakes are more destructive), and location. The severity of an earthquake,
the quantity of ground motion, and the energy released during the earthquake
can all be used to describe how big it was (related to the Richter magnitude).
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